Vowels
| ᵉie̯iˀ | êɛː | äəː | ɵo̝ː | |
| iiː | eeː | aaː | oɔ | uuː |
| ɪə | ᴇə | ᴀə | ŭʉ |
Three rows and no row labels in the print. The arrangement is the analysis: ä, ê and ɵ sit over a, e and o as their long counterparts, and ŭ sits under u with the obscure short series rather than beside it.
Consonants
| Glottal | ᵋʔ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velar | g̣ɣ | hh | |||||||
| Palatal | kk | ñŋ | |||||||
| Alveolar | d˙dʲ | ǰ˙d͡ʑ | t˙tʲ | č˙t͡ɕ | s˙sʲ | n˙nʲ | |||
| ǰd͡ʒ | čt͡ʃ | řr̪ | |||||||
| dd | tt | ss | nn | rr | |||||
| Labial | bb | pp | mm | vβ | |||||
| Lateral | ʟ̣ɮʲ | ʟɬʲ | ll | ||||||
| ww | yj |
His place names are one step back from modern usage, and this is the most useful thing on the page. `k` and `ñ` are on his Palatal row and `q`, `g̣`, `h` on his Velar row — so his "velar" is what a modern description calls uvular and his "palatal" is what it calls velar. The Alveolar block runs three lines: palatalized, then the affricates and ř, then the plain series.
Every sort
| sort | value | gloss | forms |
|---|---|---|---|
| a U+0061 | [aː] /a/ | key have their continental sounds (in the Chukchee and the Koryak always long) (with e, i, u)myth have their continental sounds (always long) (with e, i, u) | 681 |
| e U+0065 | [eː] /e/ modern distinguishes a recessive e₁ from a dominant e₂; the notation does not | key have their continental sounds (in the Chukchee and the Koryak always long) (with a, i, u)myth have their continental sounds (always long) (with a, i, u) | 472 |
| i U+0069 | [iː] /i/ | key have their continental sounds (in the Chukchee and the Koryak always long) (with a, e, u)myth have their continental sounds (always long) (with a, e, u) | 401 |
| u U+0075 | [uː] /u/ | key have their continental sounds (in the Chukchee and the Koryak always long) (with a, e, i)myth have their continental sounds (always long) (with a, e, i) | 470 |
| o U+006F | [ɔ] /o/ | key like o in nor.myth like o in nor. | 251 |
| ä aU+0308 | [əː] /ə/ the long member of the obscure series | key obscure vowel (long).myth obscure vowel (long). | 98 |
| ë eU+0308 | — — | key like a in make. | |
| ᴀ U+1D00 | [ə] /ə/ | key obscure vowels (short). (with ᴇ, ɪ)myth obscure vowels (short). (with ᴇ, ɪ) | 28 |
| ᴇ U+1D07 | [ə] /ə/ | key obscure vowels (short). (with ᴀ, ɪ)myth obscure vowels (short). (with ᴀ, ɪ) | 79 |
| ɪ U+026A | [ə] /ə/ | key obscure vowels (short). (with ᴀ, ᴇ)myth obscure vowels (short). (with ᴀ, ᴇ) | 788 |
| ê eU+0302 | [ɛː] /e/ which of the two modern e's is unsettled | key like e in bell, but prolonged.myth like e in bell, but prolonged. | 255 |
| ᵉi U+1D49i | [e̯iˀ] — not listed as a unit; the laryngeal is /ʔ/ | key a diphthong with an accent on i. It always has a laryngeal intonation, ᵉiᵋ.myth a diphtong with an accent on i. It always has a laryngeal intonation, ᵉiᵋ. | 1 |
| ᵉiᵋ U+1D49iU+1D4B | [e̯iˀ] — not listed as a unit; the laryngeal is /ʔ/ | key named in ᵉi's own gloss as what it always is, rather than given a line of its own. | 3 |
| ɵ U+0275 | [o̝ː] — "between o and u, long"; o and u are harmony partners, so whether this is one of them or a third quality is unsettled | key between o and u, long.myth between o and u, long. | 31 |
| ŭ uU+0306 | [ʉ] — no counterpart listed | key mouth in i position, lips in u position (short).myth posterior part of mouth in i position, lips in u position (short). | 18 |
| ai ai | [ai̯] — not listed as a unit in the modern inventory | key like i in hide.myth like i in hide. | 62 |
| ei ei | [ei̯] — not listed as a unit in the modern inventory | key like ei in vein.myth like ei in vein. | 44 |
| oi oi | [ɔi̯] — not listed as a unit in the modern inventory | key like oi in choice.myth like oi in choice. | 11 |
| au au | [au̯] — not listed as a unit in the modern inventory | key like ow in how.myth like ow in how. | 25 |
| w U+0077 | [w] /β/ the same phoneme as v | key as in English. (with y)myth always consonantic. (with y) | 244 |
| y U+0079 | [j] /j/ | key as in English. (with w)myth always consonantic. (with w) | 166 |
| l U+006C | [l] — modern lists only the voiceless lateral | key as in German.myth as in German. | 599 |
| ḷ lU+0323 | — — | key pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the palate a little above the alveoli of the upper jaw, the back of the tongue free. | |
| ʟ U+029F | [ɬʲ]~ ɬ /ɬ/ the one modern lateral; Bogoras's four collapse here | key posterior palatal l, surd and exploded, the tip of the tongue touching the alveoli of the upper jaw, the back of the tongue pressed against the hard palate.myth posterior palatal l, surd and exploded, the tip of the tongue touching the alveoli of the upper jaw, and the back of the tongue pressed against the hard palate. | 56 |
| ʟ̣ U+029FU+0323 | [ɮʲ]~ l — the voiced counterpart, not a modern phoneme | key posterior palatal l, sonant.myth posterior palatal l, like ʟ, but sonant. | 12 |
| r U+0072 | [r] /ɻ/ "mostly heard as an alveolar trill [r] between vowels", which is where most of the corpus's forms put it | key as in French.myth as in French. | 475 |
| ř rU+030C | [r̪] /ɻ/ one of three rhotics the modern inventory has as one phoneme | key dental with slight trill.myth dental with slight trill. | 11 |
| ṛ rU+0323 | — — | key velar. | |
| m U+006D | [m] /m/ | key as in English.myth as in English. (with n) | 358 |
| n U+006E | [n] /n/ | key as in English.myth as in English. (with m) | 820 |
| ñ nU+0303 | [ŋ] /ŋ/ | key nasal n sound.myth nasal consonant, with k position of tongue. | 339 |
| n˙ nU+02D9 | [nʲ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key palatized n (similar to ny).myth palatized n (almost like ny with consonantic y). | 28 |
| b U+0062 | [b] — no native voiced stops; loanwords only | key as in English. (with p)myth as in English. (with p) | 6 |
| p U+0070 | [p] /p/ | key as in English. (with b)myth as in English. (with b) | 197 |
| v U+0076 | [β] /β/ | key bilabial.myth bilabial. | 199 |
| g U+0067 | [ɡ] — no native voiced stops; loanwords only | key like g in good. | 13 |
| h U+0068 | [h] — no /h/; aspiration on the preceding segment | key as in English.myth as in English (used after č, t, l). | 231 |
| x U+0078 | [x] — an allophone of /ɣ/ after voiceless stops, not a phoneme -- which is what "German Bach" was describing | key like ch in German Bach | 16 |
| x˙ xU+02D9 | [xʲ]~ ç — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key like ch in German ich. | |
| k U+006B | [k] /k/ | key as in English.myth as in English. | 521 |
| q U+0071 | [q] /q/ | key velar kmyth velar k. | 256 |
| g̣ gU+0323 | [ɣ] /ɣ/ | key velar gmyth velar g. | 300 |
| d U+0064 | [d] — no native voiced stops; loanwords only | key as in English. (with t)myth as in English. (with t) | 14 |
| t U+0074 | [t] /t/ | key as in English. (with d)myth as in English. (with d) | 704 |
| d˙ dU+02D9 | [dʲ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key palatized (similar to dy and ty). (with t˙)myth palatized (similar to dy and ty with consonantic y). (with t˙) | 4 |
| t˙ tU+02D9 | [tʲ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key palatized (similar to dy and ty). (with d˙)myth palatized (similar to dy and ty with consonantic y). (with d˙) | 1 |
| s U+0073 | [s] /s/ | key as in English.myth as in English. | 21 |
| s˙ sU+02D9 | [sʲ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key palatized (similar to sy).myth palatized (similar to sy with consonantic y). | 32 |
| š sU+030C | — — | key like German z | |
| c U+0063 | [ʃ] — no /ʃ/; what Bogoras heard here is unsettled | key like English sh | 16 |
| č cU+030C | [t͡ʃ] /t͡ʃ/ | key like English chmyth like English ch. | 234 |
| j U+006A | [ʒ] — no /ʒ/; loanwords only | key like j in French jour | 1 |
| ǰ jU+030C | [d͡ʒ] — no voiced affricate; loanwords only | key like j in joymyth like English j in joy. | 4 |
| č˙ cU+030CU+02D9 | [t͡ɕ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key strongly palatized čmyth strongly palatized č, intermediate between t˙ and č, but weaker than either. | |
| ǰ˙ jU+030CU+02D9 | [d͡ʑ] — no palatalization series in modern descriptions | key strongly palatized ǰmyth strongly palatized ǰ. | |
| ! U+0021 | — — | key designates increased stress of articulation.myth designates increased stress of articulation of the preceding consonant. | |
| ᵋ U+1D4B | [ʔ] /ʔ/ | key a very deep laryngeal intonation.myth a glottal stop. | 140 |
| ' U+0027 | — — | key a full pause between two vowels: yiñe'a.myth designates a full pause between two vowels: yiñe'a. The same codepoint also keys the spirant mark, whose environments are disjoint from this one's (keying_spec.md §2.1). Neither has a confirmed instance corpus-wide, and the spec says not to propose one, so ipa.py refuses rather than reading it either way. | |
| - U+002D | [-] — orthographic | key is used to connect.myth is used to connect parts of compound words. | 432 |
| b' bU+0027 | — — | key have a spirant added (gehauchter Absatz of Sievers). (with p', d', g', k') The series is printed b‛, p‛, d‛, [damaged], g‛, k‛. The fourth member is unread; keying_spec.md §2.5 has it as t‛ from the series, which is an inference and is not recorded here as a reading. | |
| p' pU+0027 | — — | key have a spirant added (gehauchter Absatz of Sievers). (with b', d', g', k') | |
| d' dU+0027 | — — | key have a spirant added (gehauchter Absatz of Sievers). (with b', p', g', k') | |
| g' gU+0027 | — — | key have a spirant added (gehauchter Absatz of Sievers). (with b', p', d', k') | |
| k' kU+0027 | — — | key have a spirant added (gehauchter Absatz of Sievers). (with b', p', d', g') |
Counted over the 1528 native forms transcribed so far, not over the book: a sort with no count is absent from what has been read, not from what was printed.
What the keys say about the marks
- key Extra long and extra short vowels are indicated by the macron and breve respectively.
- key The diphthongs are formed by combining any of the vowels with i and u.
- myth Very long and very short vowels are indicated by the macron and breve respectively.
- myth The diphthongs are formed by combining any of the vowels with i and u.
How the forms are said
- myth wkw (before and after u, — kw) is pronounced as a compound sound. The lips are placed in u position, while k is formed by the back of the tongue.
- myth In a similar way g̣u and g̣o are often pronounced with a faint w sound between consonant and vowel.
- myth ɪ terminal and unaccented is often pronounced with a slight nasal sound.
- myth In a few cases w in the beginning of the word is also pronounced with a nasal sound. No additional signs have been used to indicate the nasal character of these sounds.
- myth i (consonantic y) between vowels is generally omitted or pronounced very faintly.
- myth yɪ when preceded by the vowels e and i almost always loses its consonantic character and becomes i. For instance: geiˊlqäʟin instead of ge-yɪˊlqäʟin.
- myth The terminal sound is often modified by the initial sound of the following word, according to certain phonetic rules. These will be given in a discussion of the Chukchee grammar. Owing to the slowness of speech necessary for writing from dictation many such changes have disappeared in the texts as taken down by me. I have thought it advisable to leave these cases uncorrected.